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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering Subject Code: DI05019061

Subject Name:  Thermal Systems and Energy Efficiency

| w. e. f. Academic Year:   | 2026-27   |
|---------------------------|-----------|
| Semester:                 | 5 th      |
| Category of the Course:   | PEC-04    |

| Prerequisite:   | Basic knowledge of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics, including  concepts of energy, properties of fluids, heat exchange mechanisms.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Rationale:      | Thermal systems are essential components of industrial operations and account for a  major  share  of  energy  consumption;  therefore,  their  efficient  operation  and  maintenance are crucial for reducing energy losses, lowering production costs, and  minimizing environmental impact. This course provides fundamental knowledge and  practical  skills  related  to  the  principles,  working,  performance  evaluation,  and  energy efficiency of key thermal systems such as boilers, furnaces, heat exchangers,  HVAC  systems,  and  air  compressors.  It  also  emphasizes  energy  conservation  techniques  and  sustainable  engineering  practices,  enabling  students  to  analyze  system  performance,  select  appropriate  equipment,  and  recommend  energy-saving  measures,  thereby  preparing  them  to  contribute  effectively  to  energy-efficient  and  environmentally responsible industrial applications. |

## Course Outcome:

After Completion of the Course, Student will able to:

|   No | Course Outcomes                                                                                                    |
|------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|   01 | Explain the principles of energy conservation and analyze energy flows in thermal systems.                         |
|   02 | Analyze  boiler  performance  and  recommend  methods  to  improve  efficiency  and  reduce  energy losses.        |
|   03 | Evaluate furnace performance and propose suitable energy conservation measures.                                    |
|   04 | Determine  the  performance  of  heat  exchangers  and  air  compressors  using  standard  performance parameters. |
|   05 | Assess  the  energy  performance  of  HVAC  systems  and  suggest  energy-efficient  improvements.                 |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering Subject Code: DI05019061

Subject Name:  Thermal Systems and Energy Efficiency

## Teaching and Examination Scheme:

| Teaching Scheme  (in Hours)   | Teaching Scheme  (in Hours)   | Teaching Scheme  (in Hours)   | Total Credits  L+T+ PR/2)   | Assessment Pattern and Marks   | Assessment Pattern and Marks   | Assessment Pattern and Marks   | Assessment Pattern and Marks   |       |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|-----------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------|-------|
| L                             | T                             | PR                            | C                           | Theory                         | Theory                         | Tutorial / Practical           | Tutorial / Practical           | Total |
| L                             | T                             | PR                            | C                           | ESE(E)                         | PA(M)                          | PA (I)                         | ESE (V)                        | Total |
| 03                            | 00                            | 02                            | 04                          | 70                             | 30                             | 20                             | 30                             | 150   |

## Course Content:

|   Unit  No. | Content                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |   No. of  Hours |   % of  Weightage |
|-------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------------------|
|           1 | Basic Concepts of Energy Conservation and Thermal Systems  1.1 Energy conservation and its significance.  1.2 Energy conservation in domestic applications:   Refrigerators and air conditioners    Electric heaters, pressure cookers    Lighting and fans    Washing machines, ovens, and televisions   1.3 Overview of the  Energy Conservation Act, 2001  and the schemes    introduced by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency under this Act.  1.4 Introduction to energy efficiency in various thermal systems, including:   Steam generation systems    Heat exchangers    HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems    Refrigeration systems    Air compressors and pumps   1.5 Introduction to energy audits, including walk-through energy audits. |              08 |                14 |
|           2 | Boiler Performance and Steam Distribution Systems  2.1 Performance evaluation of a typical boiler system (attached data sheet  allowed in examinations):   Indirect method    Direct method   2.2 Energy efficiency measures in boiler systems.  2.3 Introduction to and understanding of steam distribution systems.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |              10 |                26 |

http://syllabus.gtu.ac.in/

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering Subject Code: DI05019061

Subject Name:  Thermal Systems and Energy Efficiency

|    | 2.4 Steam traps: working principle, operation, and necessity of the following  types:   Float and thermostatic steam traps    Thermodynamic steam traps    Inverted bucket steam traps    Thermostatic steam traps with thermal elements (bellows or  bimetallic strip)   2.5 Energy conservation in steam distribution systems.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |    |    |
|----|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|----|
|  3 | Furnace Systems and Energy Efficiency  3.1 General Structure, Working, and Applications of Furnaces  General structure of a furnace   Working principle of a general furnace   Applications of furnaces in industry 3.2 Factors Affecting Furnace Efficiency  Key parameters influencing furnace efficiency  3.3 Performance Evaluation of Typical Heat Treatment Furnace System  i. Direct Method (Input-Output Method)  ii. Indirect Method (Heat Loss Method)  3.4 General Fuel Economy / Energy Efficiency Measures in Furnace  Systems  Energy conservation techniques   Methods to improve fuel efficiency                                                                                              | 08 | 14 |
|  4 | Energy Efficiency in Heat Exchangers and Compressed Air Systems  4.1 4.1 Energy Conservation Measures in Heat Exchangers  General energy saving techniques in heat exchangers   4.2 Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method  Concept of LMTD   Calculation of LMTD (without derivation)   Parallel flow and cross flow heat exchangers   4.3 Performance Evaluation of Heat Exchangers Using LMTD Method  Heat exchanger performance analysis based on LMTD   4.4 Compressed Air Systems and Performance Evaluation  Basics of air compressor and Free Air Delivery (FAD)   Energy conservation measures in compressed air systems   4.5 Field testing of compressors:   Nozzle method   Pump-up method | 09 | 20 |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma

## Branch: Mechanical Engineering

Subject Code: DI05019061

Subject Name:  Thermal Systems and Energy Efficiency

| 5.   | HVAC and Refrigeration Systems energy efficiency.  5.1 Introduction to HVAC and Refrigeration Systems  5.2 Selection Criteria for Refrigeration Systems  5.3 Energy Performance Evaluation of HVAC Systems   Concept of:   o Ton of Refrigeration (TR)   o Net Refrigerating Capacity   o Coefficient of Performance (COP)   o Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)   o kW/TR    Numerical calculations of COP, EER, and kW/TR    Heat load estimation using enthalpy difference and psychrometric  chart (simple numericals)   5.4 Cooling Load Estimation for Air Conditioning Systems   Basic concept of cooling load    Load estimation for spaces such as classroom, laboratory, and  conference hall  (Conceptual understanding only; data sheets allowed in exams) 5.5 Energy Conservation in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems   Energy efficiency improvement measures    Operational and design-level conservation techniques   5.6 Energy Performance Evaluation of Fans and Blowers  (As per BEE guidebooks)  Determination of fan pressure, power input, and efficiency   |   10 |   26 |
|------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|------|
|      | Total                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |   45 |  100 |

## Suggested Specification Table with Marks (Theory):

## Distribution of Theory Marks

|   R Level |   U Level |   A Level |   N Level |   E Level | C Level   |
|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
|        14 |        18 |        21 |        11 |         6 | -         |

Where R: Remember; U: Understanding; A: Application, N: Analyze and E: Evaluate C: Create (as per Revised Bloom's Taxonomy)

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering Subject Code: DI05019061

Subject Name:  Thermal Systems and Energy Efficiency

## References/Suggested Learning Resources:

- (a) Books:
1. Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE),

Energy Manager Training Manual (Vol. I-IV) , Ministry of Power, Government of India.

- 2.

P. K. Nag, Engineering Thermodynamics , McGraw Hill Education.

3. R. K. Rajput,

Thermal Engineering , Laxmi Publications.

4. S. C. Arora &amp; S. Domkundwar,

A Course in Power Plant Engineering , Dhanpat Rai Publications.

5. B. K. De,

Energy Management, Audit and Conservation , Universities Press.

- (b)  Open-Source Software and Websites
1.  https://nptel.ac.in(Recommended topics, Thermal Engineering, Heat Transfer, Refrigeration &amp; Air Conditioning)
2. https://www.coursera.org (Energy Efficiency, Sustainable Energy, HVAC fundamentals)
3. https://www.edx.org (Thermodynamics, Energy systems)
4. https://beeindia.gov.in Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) (Energy audit guidebooks, Boiler &amp; furnace efficiency, HVAC calculations)
5. http://btech.mit.asia/downloads/svlomte/HT2011.pdf (Heat Transfer Notes)
6.  http://powermin.nic.in (Energy Conservation Act)

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering Subject Code: DI05019061

Subject Name:  Thermal Systems and Energy Efficiency

## Suggested Course Practical List:

|   Sr. No. | Unit  No.   | Practical Exercises                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |   Approx  Hours.  required |
|-----------|-------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|
|         1 | I  to  V    | 1. Preparatory Activity   a) Visit the laboratory/workshop and identify various thermal systems  such as heat exchangers, boilers, furnaces, air compressors, pumps,  motors, etc. Record their technical specifications along with  manufacturer details.  b) Compare the prices of various fuels on a common parameter basis  (e.g., cost per unit energy).  c) Interpret the terms and equations given in the datasheets provided |                         04 |
|         2 | II          | in the curriculum.   Boiler Performance Analysis  a) Calculate boiler losses using given data by:      i. Direct method      ii. Indirect method  b) Prepare a Sankey diagram representing heat distribution.  c) Prepare a heat balance sheet.  d) List the various instruments required to measure the necessary                                                                                                                   |                         06 |
|         3 | III         | parameters.  Furnace Performance Analysis  a) Calculate furnace losses using given data by:  i. Direct method  ii. Indirect method  b) Prepare a Sankey diagram representing heat flow.  c) Prepare a heat balance sheet.  d) List the various instruments required to measure the required                                                                                                                                          |                         04 |
|         4 | IV          | parameters  Heat Exchanger Performance Analysis  a) Write the technical specifications of any heat exchanger available  nearby.  b) Determine  its  performance  based  on  available  technical  data  and  tabulate the observations.  c) Identify  parameters  leading  to  energy  losses  in  heat  exchangers  and explain their effects.  d) Recommend suitable measures for improving energy efficiency.                     |                         04 |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma

## Branch: Mechanical Engineering Subject Code: DI05019061

Subject Name:  Thermal Systems and Energy Efficiency

|   5 | V   | Air Conditioning Load Calculation   a) Calculate the air conditioning load for a given classroom or  laboratory using provided data such as U-value, TETD, shading  coefficient, lighting allowance, SHGF, and standard equipment  load (refer BEE guidebooks if required).  b) List the instruments required to measure the necessary                                           |   06 |
|-----|-----|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
|   6 | V   | parameters.  Refrigeration Load and Fan/Blower Efficiency   a) Calculate the load of a domestic refrigerator or any suitable  refrigeration system using standard datasheets (data to be provided  by the instructor; refer BEE guidebooks if necessary).  b) Calculate the efficiency of a fan or blower.  c) List the instruments required to measure the required parameters. |   04 |

List of Laboratory/Learning Resources Required: Boilers/ furnaces/ air compressor system/ heat exchangers/ HVAC/ Refrigeration, Pump, Motors, Lighting, etc. available within institute OR nearby area and industries.

## Suggested Activities for Students:

1. Industrial Visit / Virtual Visit : Boiler plant / HVAC system / compressor room
2. Demonstration &amp; Lab Observation : Identify components of thermal systems
3. Group Discussion : Topic: Energy conservation methods
4. Chart Preparation: Sankey diagram, Heat balance sheet
5. Case Study Analysis: Real -life examples of boiler, furnace, HVAC
6. Guest Lecture (if possible): By energy auditor / industry expert
7. Simple Data Collection Activity : Record temperature, pressure, energy use

|   Sr. No. | Unit   | Unit Name                                                 | Activities and Strategies                                                                               |
|-----------|--------|-----------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|         1 | I      | Introduction  to  energy  sources  and  thermal  systems. | Demonstration of systems, industrial visits, on-hand  practice on available systems.                    |
|         2 | II     | Boilers.                                                  | Standard data of boiler room and other auxiliaries from real  life example, Industrial visits.          |
|         3 | III    | Furnaces.                                                 | Standard data of furnace room and other auxiliaries from  real life example, Industrial visits, movies. |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering Subject Code: DI05019061

Subject Name:  Thermal Systems and Energy Efficiency

|   4 | IV   | Heat exchangers and  air compressors.   | Standard data of any heat exchanger from thermal plant and  air  compressor  room  as  well  as  air  compressor  system,  Industrial visits.                |
|-----|------|-----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|   5 | V    | HVAC systems.                           | Standard  data  of  load  calculation  to  compare  with  the  calculated load calculations, industrial visits, demonstration  of plants having HVACsystems. |

- PO1  (Engineering  Knowledge): Apply  knowledge  of  mathematics,  natural sciences, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to a wide range of practical procedures and practices

PO2 (Problem Analysis): Identify and analyze well-defined engineering problems and reach substantiated conclusions using codified methods of analysis specific to their field of activity.

PO3 (Design Solutions): Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and assist in the design of systems, components, or processes to meet specified needs, with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, as well as cultural, societal, and environmental factors.

PO4  (Investigation): Conduct  investigations  of  well-defined  problems  by  locating  and  search  relevant codes and catalogues, and by conducting standard tests and measurements.

PO5 (Modern Tools): Apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern computing, engineering and IT tools to well-defined engineering problems, while being aware of their limitations.

PO6 (Sustainability &amp; Impact): When solving well-defined engineering problems, evaluate sustainable development impacts to: society, the economy, sustainability, health and safety, legal frameworks, and the environment.

PO7  (Ethics): Understand  and  commit  to  professional  ethics  and  the  norms  of  technician  practice, including  compliance  with  relevant  laws.  Demonstrate  an  understanding  of  the  need  for  diversity  and inclusion (DK9).

PO8  (Teamwork): Function  effectively  as  an  individual,  and  as  a  member  or  leader  in  diverse  and inclusive teams, in multidisciplinary face-to-face/remote/distributed settings.

PO9 (Communication): Communicate effectively and inclusively on well-defined engineering activities with the engineering community and society at large by comprehending the work of others, documenting one's own work, and giving and receiving clear instructions.

PO10  (Management): Demonstrate  awareness  of  engineering  management  principles  as  a  member  or leader of a technical team and apply them to manage projects in multidisciplinary environments.

PO11 (Lifelong Learning): Recognize the need for, and have the ability for independent updating in the face of specialized technical knowledge

* * * * * * *