========================================
File: lecture-03-body.tex, Line: 278
========================================
   264:   \draw[fill=blue!20, opacity=0.8] (3,0,0) -- (3,4,0) -- (3,4,2) -- (3,0,2) -- cycle;
   265:   \draw[fill=blue!30, opacity=0.8] (0,4,0) -- (3,4,0) -- (3,4,2) -- (0,4,2) -- cycle;
   266:   \fill[red] (0.5, 0.5, 0) circle (3pt);
   267:   \fill[red] (2.5, 0.5, 0) circle (3pt);
   268:   \fill[red] (1.5, 3.5, 0) circle (3pt);
   269:   \fill[green!50!black] (0, 1, 1) circle (3pt);
   270:   \fill[green!50!black] (0, 3, 1) circle (3pt);
   271:   \fill[blue] (1.5, 0, 1) circle (4pt);
   272:   % Blocked motions
   273:   \draw[->, thick, blue] (1.5, -1.5, 1) -- (1.5, 0, 1);
   274:   \node[blue] at (1.5, -2, 1) {-X Blocked};
   275: \end{tikzpicture}
   276: \end{column}
   277: \end{columns}
>> 278: \end{frame}
   279: 
   280: % Slide 10
   281: \begin{frame}{Summary of Restricted DOFs (3-2-1)}
   282: \small
   283: \begin{table}[]

========================================
File: lecture-03-body.tex, Line: 298
========================================
   284:     \centering
   285:     \begin{tabular}{@{}llc@{}}
   286:     \toprule
   287:     \textbf{Location Plane} & \textbf{Degrees of Freedom Arrested} & \textbf{Total DOF} \\ \midrule
   288:     \textbf{Primary (3 points)}   & 1 Translation (-Z) \& 4 Rotations ($\pm$RotX, $\pm$RotY) & 5 \\
   289:     \textbf{Secondary (2 points)} & 1 Translation (-Y) \& 2 Rotations ($\pm$RotZ) & 3 \\
   290:     \textbf{Tertiary (1 point)}   & 1 Translation (-X) & 1 \\ \midrule
   291:     \multicolumn{2}{l}{\textbf{Total Arrested by Locators}} & \textbf{9} \\ \bottomrule
   292:     \end{tabular}
   293: \end{table}
   294: \vspace{0.3cm}
   295: \begin{alertblock}{}
   296: The remaining 3 DOF (+X, +Y, +Z translations) must be opposed by \textbf{CLAMPS}.
   297: \end{alertblock}
>> 298: \end{frame}
   299: 
   300: % Slide 11
   301: \begin{frame}{Why 3 points on the base, not 4?}
   302: \begin{columns}
   303: \begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}

========================================
File: lecture-04-body.tex, Line: 227
========================================
   213: \end{column}
   214: \begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
   215: \begin{center}
   216: \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.8]
   217:   \draw[thick, fill=gray!30] (0,0) rectangle (1,3); % Locator
   218:   \draw[thick, fill=gray!30] (1,0) rectangle (4,1); % Base locator
   219:   \draw[thick, fill=blue!20] (1,1) rectangle (3.5,2.5); % Workpiece
   220:   
   221:   \draw[->, thick, red] (4,1.75) -- (3.5,1.75) node[right, pos=0] {\scriptsize Heavy Cut};
   222:   \draw[->, thick, green!70!black] (2,3.5) -- (2,2.5) node[above, pos=0] {\scriptsize Clamp};
   223: \end{tikzpicture}
   224: \end{center}
   225: \end{column}
   226: \end{columns}
>> 227: \end{frame}
   228: 
   229: % Slide 9
   230: \begin{frame}{Types of Clamps: Strap Clamp}
   231: \small
   232: \begin{itemize}

========================================
File: lecture-11-body.tex, Line: 80
========================================
   66:       node distance=1.5cm and -0.5cm,
   67:       box/.style={draw, rectangle, rounded corners, fill=blue!10, text centered, text width=3cm, font=\scriptsize, minimum height=1cm},
   68:       main/.style={draw, rectangle, rounded corners, fill=blue!30, text centered, text width=4cm, font=\small\bfseries, minimum height=1cm}
   69:     ]
   70:       \node[main] (root) {Gears Classification};
   71:       \node[box, below left=1cm and 0.5cm of root] (parallel) {1. Parallel Axes\\(Spur, Helical, Rack \& Pinion)};
   72:       \node[box, below=1cm of root] (intersecting) {2. Intersecting Axes\\(Straight \& Spiral Bevel)};
   73:       \node[box, below right=1cm and 0.5cm of root] (skew) {3. Non-intersecting, Non-parallel\\(Worm, Hypoid)};
   74:       
   75:       \draw[->, thick] (root.south) -- ++(0,-0.5) -| (parallel.north);
   76:       \draw[->, thick] (root.south) -- (intersecting.north);
   77:       \draw[->, thick] (root.south) -- ++(0,-0.5) -| (skew.north);
   78:     \end{tikzpicture}
   79:   \end{center}
>> 80: \end{frame}
   81: 
   82: \begin{frame}{Spur Gears}
   83:   \begin{itemize}
   84:     \small
   85:     \item Teeth are straight and parallel to the axis of rotation.

========================================
File: lecture-11-body.tex, Line: 292
========================================
   278:   \begin{center}
   279:     \rowcolors{2}{blue!10}{white}
   280:     \scriptsize
   281:     \begin{tabular}{@{}llp{3cm}p{3cm}@{}}
   282:       \toprule
   283:       \textbf{Gear Type} & \textbf{Axes Orientation} & \textbf{Advantages} & \textbf{Applications} \\
   284:       \midrule
   285:       Spur & Parallel & Simple, no axial thrust & Clocks, low-speed drives \\
   286:       Helical & Parallel & Smooth, quiet, high load & Automotive transmissions \\
   287:       Bevel & Intersecting & Changes power direction ($90^\circ$) & Differentials, hand drills \\
   288:       Worm & Skew (Non-parallel/intersecting) & High reduction, self-locking & Hoists, lifts, conveyors \\
   289:       \bottomrule
   290:     \end{tabular}
   291:   \end{center}
>> 292: \end{frame}
   293: 
   294: \begin{frame}{Next Lecture Preview}
   295:   \begin{itemize}
   296:     \item In the next lecture, we will dive into:
   297:     \item Gear Terminology

========================================
File: lecture-15-body.tex, Line: 184
========================================
   170:   \node[anchor=west] at (1.8, 2.5) {\scriptsize Down (Cut)};
   171:   
   172:   \draw[<-, thick, blue] (-0.3, 3) -- (-0.3, 2);
   173:   \node[anchor=east] at (-0.3, 2.5) {\scriptsize Up (Return)};
   174:   
   175:   % Workpiece
   176:   \draw[thick, fill=orange!30] (0, 0) rectangle (1.5, 1);
   177:   \node at (0.75, 0.5) {\scriptsize Blank};
   178:   \draw[<->, thick, green!50!black] (1.8, 0.5) -- (2.5, 0.5);
   179:   \node[anchor=west] at (2.5, 0.5) {\scriptsize Relief};
   180: \end{tikzpicture}
   181: \end{center}
   182: \end{column}
   183: \end{columns}
>> 184: \end{frame}
   185: 
   186: \begin{frame}{Pinion Cutter Geometry}
   187: \begin{columns}
   188: \begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
   189: \begin{itemize}

========================================
File: lecture-16-body.tex, Line: 17
========================================
   3: \begin{frame}
   4: \titlepage
   5: \begin{center}
   6: \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.8]
   7:     \draw[thick, fill=gray!30] (0,0) circle (1.5cm);
   8:     \foreach \a in {0, 30, ..., 330} {
   9:         \draw[thick, fill=gray!30] (\a:1.5cm) -- (\a+10:1.8cm) -- (\a+20:1.8cm) -- (\a+30:1.5cm);
   10:     }
   11:     \draw[thick, fill=white] (0,0) circle (0.5cm);
   12:     \node[anchor=north] at (0,-2.5) {\scriptsize Course: Manufacturing Engineering - III (DI05019011)};
   13:     \node[anchor=north] at (0,-3.0) {\scriptsize Unit 2: Gear \& Thread Manufacturing Processes};
   14:     \node[anchor=north] at (0,-3.5) {\scriptsize Lecture 16: Gear Finishing (Need and Types)};
   15: \end{tikzpicture}
   16: \end{center}
>> 17: \end{frame}
   18: 
   19: % Slide 2
   20: \begin{frame}{Agenda}
   21: \small
   22: \begin{itemize}

========================================
File: lecture-20-body.tex, Line: 195
========================================
   181:     ]
   182:         \node[box, fill=blue!30, text width=2.5cm] (main) {Energy Domains in AMPs};
   183:         \node[box] (mech) [above right=0.5cm and 0.5cm of main] {Mechanical};
   184:         \node[box] (therm) [below right=0.5cm and 0.5cm of main] {Thermal};
   185:         \node[box] (chem) [below left=0.5cm and 0.5cm of main] {Chemical};
   186:         \node[box] (elec) [above left=0.5cm and 0.5cm of main] {Electrical};
   187:         
   188:         \draw[->, thick] (main) -- (mech);
   189:         \draw[->, thick] (main) -- (therm);
   190:         \draw[->, thick] (main) -- (chem);
   191:         \draw[->, thick] (main) -- (elec);
   192:     \end{tikzpicture}
   193:     \end{center}
   194:     \end{columns}
>> 195: \end{frame}
   196: 
   197: \begin{frame}{Primary Energy Sources Used}
   198:     \small
   199:     \begin{center}
   200:     \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.9, transform shape]

========================================
File: lecture-21-body.tex, Line: 229
========================================
   215: \item EDM: Fumes, risk of fire with dielectrics.
   216: \item ECM: Corrosive electrolytes, hydrogen gas generation.
   217: \item LBM: Radiation hazards, need for strict safety enclosures.
   218: \end{itemize}
   219: 
   220: \vspace{0.3cm}
   221: \begin{center}
   222: \begin{tikzpicture}
   223: \node[draw, regular polygon, regular polygon sides=3, fill=yellow!80, inner sep=2pt, align=center, text width=1.5cm, font=\tiny] at (0,0) {\textbf{!}\\Noise/Chips\\(Conv.)};
   224: \node[draw, regular polygon, regular polygon sides=3, fill=red!80, text=white, inner sep=2pt, align=center, text width=1.5cm, font=\tiny] at (2.5,0) {\textbf{!}\\Fire/Fumes\\(EDM)};
   225: \node[draw, regular polygon, regular polygon sides=3, fill=green!80, inner sep=2pt, align=center, text width=1.5cm, font=\tiny] at (5,0) {\textbf{!}\\Corrosive\\(ECM)};
   226: \node[draw, regular polygon, regular polygon sides=3, fill=purple!80, text=white, inner sep=2pt, align=center, text width=1.5cm, font=\tiny] at (7.5,0) {\textbf{!}\\Radiation\\(LBM)};
   227: \end{tikzpicture}
   228: \end{center}
>> 229: \end{frame}
   230: 
   231: % Slide 10
   232: \begin{frame}{Summary Comparison Table (Part 1)}
   233: \small
   234: \begin{center}

========================================
File: lecture-28-body.tex, Line: 34
========================================
   20:     \item 3. Etching: Selectively removing material based on the pattern.
   21:     \item By repeating these three steps, complex 3D micro-machines are built layer by layer.
   22:   \end{itemize}
   23:   \begin{center}
   24:     \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=2.5cm, auto, >=stealth]
   25:       \node[circle, draw=black, fill=green!20, text width=1.5cm, align=center] (dep) {Deposition};
   26:       \node[circle, draw=black, fill=blue!20, text width=1.5cm, align=center, right of=dep, node distance=3.5cm] (lit) {Lithography};
   27:       \node[circle, draw=black, fill=red!20, text width=1.5cm, align=center, below of=dep, xshift=1.75cm, yshift=1cm] (etch) {Etching};
   28:       
   29:       \draw[->, thick] (dep) to[bend left] (lit);
   30:       \draw[->, thick] (lit) to[bend left] (etch);
   31:       \draw[->, thick] (etch) to[bend left] (dep);
   32:     \end{tikzpicture}
   33:   \end{center}
>> 34: \end{frame}
   35: 
   36: \begin{frame}{Step 1: Photolithography (The Blueprint)}
   37:   \small
   38:   \begin{itemize}
   39:     \item Photolithography uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a mask to a light-sensitive chemical (photoresist).

========================================
File: lecture-28-body.tex, Line: 265
========================================
   251:   \end{itemize}
   252:   \begin{center}
   253:     \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=2cm, auto, >=stealth, scale=0.7, transform shape]
   254:       \node[circle, draw=black, fill=green!20, text width=1.5cm, align=center] (dep) {Deposition};
   255:       \node[circle, draw=black, fill=blue!20, text width=1.5cm, align=center, right of=dep, node distance=3cm] (lit) {Lithography};
   256:       \node[circle, draw=black, fill=red!20, text width=1.5cm, align=center, below of=dep, xshift=1.5cm, yshift=0.5cm] (etch) {Etching};
   257:       
   258:       \draw[->, thick] (dep) to[bend left] (lit);
   259:       \draw[->, thick] (lit) to[bend left] (etch);
   260:       \draw[->, thick] (etch) to[bend left] (dep);
   261:       
   262:       \node at (1.5, -0.75) {\textbf{MEMS}};
   263:     \end{tikzpicture}
   264:   \end{center}
>> 265: \end{frame}
   266: 
   267: \begin{frame}{Next Lecture Preview}
   268:   \small
   269:   \begin{itemize}
   270:     \item Applications of MEMS.

========================================
File: lecture-29-body.tex, Line: 325
========================================
   311: \end{tikzpicture}
   312: \end{center}
   313: \scriptsize
   314: \begin{itemize}
   315: \item Miniaturization is critical in aerospace (saving weight saves fuel/money).
   316: \item Applications:
   317:   \begin{itemize}
   318:   \scriptsize
   319:   \item Micro-thrusters for nano-satellites (CubeSats).
   320:   \item High-temp pressure sensors for jet engine monitoring.
   321:   \item Precision IMUs for missile guidance and drone navigation.
   322:   \item Structural health monitoring (embedding sensors inside composite wings).
   323:   \end{itemize}
   324: \end{itemize}
>> 325: \end{frame}
   326: 
   327: % Slide 11
   328: \begin{frame}{Summary of Unit 3}
   329: \begin{center}
   330: \begin{tikzpicture}

========================================
File: lecture-29-body.tex, Line: 350
========================================
   336:   
   337:   \draw (1,0.1) -- (1,-0.1) node[below, font=\tiny] {Non-conventional};
   338:   \draw (4,0.1) -- (4,-0.1) node[below, font=\tiny] {Scaling Laws};
   339:   \draw (7,0.1) -- (7,-0.1) node[below, font=\tiny] {Silicon Fab};
   340: \end{tikzpicture}
   341: \end{center}
   342: \scriptsize
   343: \begin{itemize}
   344: \item We started with the need for non-conventional machining for hard materials and complex geometries.
   345: \item We explored macro-processes like EDM, ECM, LBM, and AWJM, and how to select them.
   346: \item We then shifted to the micro-scale, introducing MEMS, scaling laws, and silicon.
   347: \item We covered micro-fabrication (lithography, etching, deposition).
   348: \item Finally, we saw how MEMS transforms automotive, consumer, medical, and aerospace industries.
   349: \end{itemize}
>> 350: \end{frame}
   351: 
   352: % Slide 12
   353: \begin{frame}{Next Lecture Preview}
   354: \begin{center}
   355: \begin{tikzpicture}

========================================
File: lecture-31-body.tex, Line: 163
========================================
   149:     \centering
   150:     \small
   151:     \begin{tabular}{lccc}
   152:     \toprule
   153:     \textbf{Feature} & \textbf{Process Layout} & \textbf{Product Layout} & \textbf{GT Layout} \\
   154:     \midrule
   155:     \textbf{Volume} & Low & High & Medium \\
   156:     \textbf{Variety} & High & Low & Medium \\
   157:     \textbf{Efficiency} & Low & High & High (for part family) \\
   158:     \textbf{Flexibility} & High & Low & Medium \\
   159:     \textbf{Material Handling} & High & Low & Low \\
   160:     \bottomrule
   161:     \end{tabular}
   162:     \end{table}
>> 163: \end{frame}
   164: 
   165: \begin{frame}{Benefits of GT Layout}
   166:     \begin{itemize}
   167:         \item Drastic reduction in material handling and transport time.
   168:         \item Shorter manufacturing lead times.

========================================
File: lecture-32-body.tex, Line: 245
========================================
   231:       \draw[dashed, fill=white] (0.2,2) -- (0.2,1) -- (0.8,1) -- (0.8,0) -- (1.2,0) -- (1.2,1) -- (1.8,1) -- (1.8,2);
   232:     \end{tikzpicture} \\
   233:     \textbf{Countersink} & Conical enlargement of a hole & 
   234:     \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.3]
   235:       \draw[thick] (0,0) rectangle (2,2);
   236:       \draw[dashed, fill=white] (0.2,2) -- (0.8,1) -- (0.8,0) -- (1.2,0) -- (1.2,1) -- (1.8,2);
   237:     \end{tikzpicture} \\
   238:     \textbf{Pocket} & Closed geometric depression milled into surface & 
   239:     \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.3]
   240:       \draw[thick] (0,0) rectangle (3,1.5);
   241:       \draw[dashed, fill=white] (0.5,1.5) rectangle (2.5,0.5);
   242:     \end{tikzpicture} \\
   243:     \bottomrule
   244:   \end{tabular}
>> 245: \end{frame}
   246: 
   247: % Slide 11
   248: \begin{frame}{Feature Recognition in CAD/CAM}
   249:   \begin{itemize}
   250:     \item Modern CAM systems automatically translate CAD geometry into manufacturing features.

========================================
File: lecture-33-body.tex, Line: 254
========================================
   240:     \begin{center}
   241:     \small
   242:     \begin{tabular}{p{3cm} p{2.5cm} p{2.5cm} p{2cm}}
   243:         \toprule
   244:         \textbf{Feature} & \textbf{Visual Inspection} & \textbf{PC\&C} & \textbf{PFA} \\
   245:         \midrule
   246:         \textbf{Cost} & Low & High & Medium \\
   247:         \textbf{Accuracy} & Low & High & Medium \\
   248:         \textbf{Setup Time} & Fast & Slow (initial) & Medium \\
   249:         \textbf{Best For} & Small shops & Large enterprises & Quick layout \\
   250:         \textbf{Data Source} & Physical/CAD & Features/Specs & Routing Sheets \\
   251:         \bottomrule
   252:     \end{tabular}
   253:     \end{center}
>> 254: \end{frame}
   255: 
   256: \begin{frame}
   257:     \frametitle{Forming Manufacturing Cells}
   258:     \begin{itemize}
   259:         \item Once part families are identified, the next step is assigning machines to form a cell.

========================================
File: lecture-33-body.tex, Line: 278
========================================
   264:     \begin{center}
   265:     \begin{tikzpicture}[
   266:         node distance=2cm,
   267:         box/.style={rectangle, draw, align=center, rounded corners, fill=green!10, text width=2.5cm, font=\scriptsize},
   268:         line/.style={draw, -latex', thick}
   269:     ]
   270:         \node[box] (pf) {Part Families Identified};
   271:         \node[box, right=of pf] (mr) {Machine Requirements determined};
   272:         \node[box, right=of mr] (cell) {Physical Cell Layout Formed};
   273:         
   274:         \path[line] (pf) -- (mr);
   275:         \path[line] (mr) -- (cell);
   276:     \end{tikzpicture}
   277:     \end{center}
>> 278: \end{frame}
   279: 
   280: \begin{frame}
   281:     \frametitle{Machine-Part Matrices}
   282:     \begin{itemize}
   283:         \item A key tool in PFA and Cell Formation.

========================================
File: lecture-33-body.tex, Line: 360
========================================
   346:             \end{tabular}
   347:         };
   348:         \draw[->, thick, blue] (6, 1.2) to[bend left] (7, 1.2);
   349:         \node[blue, above] at (6.5, 1.4) {Sort Cols};
   350:         \node at (8.5,0) {
   351:             \begin{tabular}{c|cc|c}
   352:                  & P1 & P3 & P2 \\ \hline
   353:                 M1 & \cellcolor{gray!20}1 & \cellcolor{gray!20}1 & 0 \\
   354:                 M3 & \cellcolor{gray!20}1 & \cellcolor{gray!20}0 & 0 \\ \hline
   355:                 M2 & 0 & 0 & \cellcolor{gray!40}1 \\
   356:             \end{tabular}
   357:         };
   358:     \end{tikzpicture}
   359:     \end{center}
>> 360: \end{frame}
   361: 
   362: \begin{frame}
   363:     \frametitle{Summary}
   364:     \begin{alertblock}{Key Takeaways}
   365:     \begin{itemize}

========================================
File: lecture-34-body.tex, Line: 24
========================================
   10:     \draw[<->, thick] (n1) -- (factory);
   11:     \draw[<->, thick] (n2) -- (factory);
   12:     \draw[<->, thick] (n3) -- (factory);
   13:     \draw[<->, thick, dashed] (n1) -- (n2);
   14:     \draw[<->, thick, dashed] (n2) -- (n3);
   15:     \draw[<->, thick, dashed] (n3) -- (n1);
   16: \end{tikzpicture}
   17: \end{center}
   18: \scriptsize
   19: \begin{itemize}
   20:     \item Course: Manufacturing Engineering - III (DI05019011)
   21:     \item Unit 4: Advanced Manufacturing Systems
   22:     \item Lecture 34: CIM Concept \& Need
   23: \end{itemize}
>> 24: \end{frame}
   25: 
   26: \begin{frame}{Agenda}
   27: \begin{itemize}
   28:     \item Introduction to CIM
   29:     \item Evolution of Manufacturing Systems

========================================
File: lecture-36-body.tex, Line: 239
========================================
   225:             \scriptsize
   226:             \begin{tabular}{@{}llcc@{}}
   227:                 \toprule
   228:                 \textbf{Machine} & \textbf{Job ID} & \textbf{Status} & \textbf{Efficiency} \\ \midrule
   229:                 CNC-Mill 1 & JOB-55 & \textcolor{green!70!black}{Running} & 92\% \\
   230:                 CNC-Lathe 2 & -- & \textcolor{orange}{Idle} & -- \\
   231:                 Robot Arm A & JOB-55 & \textcolor{green!70!black}{Running} & 98\% \\
   232:                 CMM 1 & JOB-54 & \textcolor{red}{Maintenance} & -- \\ \bottomrule
   233:             \end{tabular}
   234:             \vspace{0.3cm}\\
   235:             \textbf{Real-Time Machine Status}
   236:             \end{center}
   237:         \end{column}
   238:     \end{columns}
>> 239: \end{frame}
   240: 
   241: % Slide 10
   242: \begin{frame}{Quality Assurance: CAQ}
   243:     \begin{columns}
   244:         \begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}

========================================
File: lecture-36-body.tex, Line: 299
========================================
   285:         \begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
   286:             \begin{center}
   287:             \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance=1.5cm, scale=0.8, every node/.style={transform shape}]
   288:                 \node (robot) [rectangle, draw, fill=orange!20, minimum width=2cm, minimum height=1cm, rounded corners] {Robot Arm};
   289:                 \node (agv) [rectangle, draw, fill=blue!20, minimum width=2cm, minimum height=1cm, rounded corners, below left=of robot] {AGV};
   290:                 \node (cnc) [rectangle, draw, fill=green!20, minimum width=2cm, minimum height=1cm, rounded corners, below right=of robot] {CNC Machine};
   291:                 
   292:                 \draw[<->, dashed] (robot) -- (agv);
   293:                 \draw[<->, dashed] (robot) -- (cnc);
   294:                 \draw[<->, dashed] (agv) -- (cnc);
   295:             \end{tikzpicture}
   296:             \end{center}
   297:         \end{column}
   298:     \end{columns}
>> 299: \end{frame}
   300: 
   301: % Slide 12
   302: \begin{frame}{Summary}
   303:     \begin{itemize}
   304:         \item CIM relies on a suite of CAx tools covering the entire product lifecycle.

========================================
File: lecture-43-body.tex, Line: 50
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   36:     \begin{tikzpicture}
   37:         \node[draw, rounded corners, fill=blue!10, text width=8cm, align=center] (agenda) {
   38:             \small
   39:             \begin{tabular}{rl}
   40:                 \textbf{1.} & The Overhang Problem \\
   41:                 \textbf{2.} & Support Structures (Standard vs. Soluble) \\
   42:                 \textbf{3.} & Common FDM Defects (Warping, Stringing, Layer Shifting) \\
   43:                 \textbf{4.} & Anisotropy in FDM Parts \\
   44:                 \textbf{5.} & Design for FDM (DfAM Rules) \\
   45:                 \textbf{6.} & Applications of FDM \\
   46:             \end{tabular}
   47:         };
   48:     \end{tikzpicture}
   49:     \end{center}
>> 50: \end{frame}
   51: 
   52: % Slide 3
   53: \begin{frame}{The Overhang Problem (The 45-Degree Rule)}
   54:     \begin{columns}
   55:         \begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}

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File: lecture-44-body.tex, Line: 205
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   191:         
   192:         % Points
   193:         \filldraw[red] (3,3.35) circle (2pt) node[above] {P: Potential Failure Detected};
   194:         \filldraw[red] (7,0.5) circle (2pt) node[above right] {F: Functional Failure};
   195:         
   196:         % Detection methods
   197:         \draw[dashed, gray] (4,2.9) -- (4,0) node[below] {Vibration};
   198:         \draw[dashed, gray] (5,2.1) -- (5,0) node[below] {Thermal};
   199:         \draw[dashed, gray] (6,1.2) -- (6,0) node[below] {Audible};
   200:         
   201:         % P-F interval
   202:         \draw[<->, thick, green!50!black] (3,-0.7) -- (7,-0.7) node[midway, below] {P-F Interval (Lead Time)};
   203:     \end{tikzpicture}
   204:     \end{center}
>> 205: \end{frame}
   206: 
   207: % Slide 9
   208: \begin{frame}{From Data to Prediction (AI/ML)}
   209:     \small
   210:     \begin{itemize}

========================================
File: lecture-44-body.tex, Line: 205
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   191:         
   192:         % Points
   193:         \filldraw[red] (3,3.35) circle (2pt) node[above] {P: Potential Failure Detected};
   194:         \filldraw[red] (7,0.5) circle (2pt) node[above right] {F: Functional Failure};
   195:         
   196:         % Detection methods
   197:         \draw[dashed, gray] (4,2.9) -- (4,0) node[below] {Vibration};
   198:         \draw[dashed, gray] (5,2.1) -- (5,0) node[below] {Thermal};
   199:         \draw[dashed, gray] (6,1.2) -- (6,0) node[below] {Audible};
   200:         
   201:         % P-F interval
   202:         \draw[<->, thick, green!50!black] (3,-0.7) -- (7,-0.7) node[midway, below] {P-F Interval (Lead Time)};
   203:     \end{tikzpicture}
   204:     \end{center}
>> 205: \end{frame}
   206: 
   207: % Slide 9
   208: \begin{frame}{From Data to Prediction (AI/ML)}
   209:     \small
   210:     \begin{itemize}