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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma Branch: Electrical Engineering Subject Code: DI04009011

Subject Name: Substation Engineering

w. e. f. Academic Year:

2025-26

Semester:

4 th

Category of the Course:

PCC

| Prerequisite:   | Basic  knowledge  of  AC  and  DC  circuits,  electrical  machines  and  electrical  power generation.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Rationale:      | The  Substation  Engineering course  equips  diploma-level  electrical  engineering  students  with  essential  competencies  to  operate  and  maintain  electrical  substations,  aligning  with  India's  power  sector  needs.  It  enables  students  to  interpret  and  apply  substation  classification,  layout,  and  site  selection  principles  to  ensure  reliability,  safety,  and  operational  efficiency,  adhering  to  Indian  Standards  (IS).  The  course  fosters  skills  in  analyzing  and  applying  functional  principles  of  critical  substation  equipment  (e.g.,  transformers,  isolators)  per  IS/IEC  standards  and  Industry  4.0  practices  like  IoT-based monitoring. Students learn to implement operational, earthing, and  reactive  power  compensation  practices,  ensuring  compliance  with  safety  regulations  and  leveraging  smart  technologies.  Additionally,  the  course  introduces  operational  principles  of  advanced  GIS,  HVDC,  and  digital  substations, emphasizing smart grid integration, cybersecurity, and sustainable  practices,  preparing  students  for  roles  as  junior  technicians  or  operators  in  modern power utilities while addressing India's growing energy infrastructure  demands. |

## Course Outcome:

After Completion of the Course, Student will able to:

|   No | Course Outcomes                                                                                                                                                                                      | RBT Level   |
|------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
|   01 | Interpret and apply the principles of substation classification, layout, and site  selection  to  ensure  reliability,  safety,  and  operational  efficiency  in  power  system applications.       | Apply       |
|   02 | Identify,  interpret,  and  apply  the  functional  and  monitoring  principles  of  substation  equipment  in  accordance  with  relevant  IS/IEC  standards  and  emerging Industry 4.0 practices. | Apply       |
|   03 | Apply  substation  operational,  earthing,  and  reactive  power  compensation  practices in compliance with national and international safety standards and  Industry 4.0 monitoring systems.       | Apply       |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma Branch: Electrical Engineering Subject Code: DI04009011

Subject Name: Substation Engineering

*Revised Bloom's Taxonomy (RBT)

## Teaching and Examination Scheme:

| Teaching Scheme  (in Hours)   | Teaching Scheme  (in Hours)   | Teaching Scheme  (in Hours)   | Total Credits  L+T+ (PR/2)   | Total Credits  L+T+ (PR/2)   | Assessment Pattern and Marks   | Assessment Pattern and Marks   | Assessment Pattern and Marks   | Total   |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------|---------|
| L                             | T                             | PR                            | C                            | Theory                       | Theory                         | Tutorial / Practical           | Tutorial / Practical           | Marks   |
| L                             | T                             | PR                            | C                            | ESE(E)                       | PA(M)                          | PA(I)                          | ESE(V)                         | Marks   |
| 3                             | 0                             | 2                             | 4                            | 70                           | 30                             | 20                             | 30                             | 150     |

## Course Content:

|   Unit  No. | Content                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |   No. of  Hours | % of  Weightage   |
|-------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------------------|
|           1 | Introduction to Electrical Substations  Contents:   1. Definition and Purpose of Substations:    Overview  of  substations  as  critical  nodes  in  power  systems   Importance in India's power infrastructure  2. Types of Substations:   Classification  based  on  function:  Transmission,  distribution, Switching substation   Classification  based  on  voltage  level:  EHV,  HV,  MV,  LV    Indoor vs. outdoor substations.  3. Essential Features of Substations:   Key characteristics:  Reliability,  safety,  scalability,  and  maintainability.   Basic  requirements  for  substation  location  (site  selection) and accessibility.  4. Typical Layout of Substations:   Overview of substation layout components: Switchyard,  control room, and auxiliary systems.   Introduction to single-line diagrams (SLDs) of 66 kV /  132 kV / 220 kV layout.   Examples of common layouts (e.g., single bus, double |              06 | 15 %              |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Program Name: Diploma Engineering

Level: Diploma Branch: Electrical Engineering Subject Code: DI04009011

Subject Name: Substation Engineering

|    | bus).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |    |      |
|----|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|------|
|  2 | Substation Equipment  For all the equipment covered in this unit, Indian Standards (IS) are for  references  only  and  the  questions  of  Unit  2  pertaining  to  Indian  Standards  (IS)  should  be  avoided  in  theory  exams,  considering  the  scope of the syllabus of this subject'  Contents:   1. Transformers  (Power  Transformers:  IS  2026  Part  1  to  4  and Interconnecting Transformers: IS 1180):   Requirement of inter-connecting & power transformers    Operational and Maintenance checks of transformer   Condition monitoring (Parameters - Sensor/Methods -  Alarm Threshold)  2. Isolators (with and without Earthing switch) (IS 9921: Parts  1 to 5)   Types and Voltage class: Horizontal and Vertical break  /  double  /  centre  break,  Manual  /  motorized,  with/without earthing switch.   Pad-locking  arrangement,  mechanical  and  electrical  safety interlocking between isolator and earth swich.   3. Busbars (IS 8084, IS 5082):    Types: strain, flexible, rigid type   Material: aluminium pipes, ACSR, AAC   Ratings:  Rated  voltage,  current,  ampacity,  material  (Copper,  Aluminum),  Short  time  withstand  current,  peak withstand current, temperature rise limits etc.    Functions:  Switching,  Power  transfer  /distribution  within substation   Maintenance: Joint inspections, corrosion checks.  4. Auto-Reclosers (IS  7567 ):   Types: Single-phase, three-phase.   Functions: Automatic fault clearing, circuit restoration.   Contact checks, reclosing mechanism inspection.   IoT-enabled fault logging, remote configuration.  5. Surge Arrestors ( IS 3070 Parts 1-3) :  Types: Expulsion type, Thyrite type, Metal oxide (MO)  conforming IEC 60099-4,    Application,  Routine  and  periodic  maintenance  procedures | 16 | 35 % |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma Branch: Electrical Engineering Subject Code: DI04009011

Subject Name: Substation Engineering

|    | 6. Insulator,  strings,  Clamps  and  Connectors,  Spacers  ((IS  2544, IS  731, IS 5561, IS 10162/14763 )  Insulator  Types:  Porcelain  type  (Disc,  long  rod),  Composite type, Silicon Rubber, Hollow bushing type,  Bus post insulators   Clamps  &  Connectors:  Aluminium  alloy  casting  type  A6, bi-metallic liner/strip, galvanised mild steel.    Non-magnetic spacers   Routine and periodic maintenance procedures  7. Power  Line  Carrier  Communication  (PLCC)  (IS  9149,  4119, 1947, 11538):   Components of PLCC, Wave trap   Working of PLCC and applications    8. Batteries and DC Systems   Introduction to Lead Acid and NiCD batteries   Trouble  shooting  chart  for  Lead  Acid  Batteries  (Troubles - Symptoms/Cause - Remedies)   Maintenance Checks for Lead Acid Batteries   Battery Charger -Float and Boost charging                            |    |      |
|----|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|------|
|  3 | Substation  Practices,  Earthing  Systems,  and  Compensation  Equipment  Contents:   1. Routine Substation Operations:   Switching schemes for 765 KV, 400 KV, 220 KV and  132 KV substations    Power flow and voltage level monitoring   Documentation and reporting for operational logs   Preventive, Predictive and Proactive maintenance  2. Earthing Systems (IS 3043):    Purpose  of  earthing  systems,  Step  &  Touch  potential,  Transferred & Floating potential   Earthing  systems  in  substation:  Solidly  grounded,  Resistive (NER), Grid & Rods, Counterpoise    General  recommendation  of  IS  3043:2018,  IS  5613  (Part 2, Section 1), CEA 2010 Regulation (Rule 42) for  earthing systems in substations.   3. Compensation Equipment:   Capacitor  banks:  Introduction,  Maintenance,  OUCB  -  Optimum  Utilization  of  Capacitor  Bank,  Case  studies | 10 | 22 % |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Program Name: Diploma Engineering

Level: Diploma Branch: Electrical Engineering Subject Code: DI04009011

Subject Name: Substation Engineering

|    | for  optimal  capacitor  bank  operation,  Commercial  benefits of OUCB  4. Safety Standards and Regulations (IS 5216 Part 1 and 2):   General recommendations of IS 5216 Part 1   General recommendations of IS 5216 Part 2   Typical  safety  clearances  based  on  voltage  level  (minimum and working safety clearances).   Basic  safety  practices:  Personal  protective  equipment  (PPE), lockout-tagout procedures                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |    |      |
|----|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|------|
|  4 | Specialized Substations and Automation Basics  Contents:  1. Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) & Hybrid GIS Substations  (HGIS:   Overview:  Purpose,  use  in  urban/high-voltage  areas,  compactness.   Components:  Circuit  breakers  for  GIS,  Disconnector  switches,  non-fault  initiating  earthing  switches,  High  speed  earthing  switches,  three  position  disconnect  /  Earthing switches, View ports, CT, PT, Pressure relief  devices, Density monitors, Gas-tight, Gas pass-through  type insulators,    Routine check list of GIS, HGIS substations   2. HVDC Substations:   Overview:  Purpose  for  long-distance/renewable  integration.   Components: Converters, filters, DC transformers.   Ratings:  DC  voltage  (e.g.,  ±500  kV),  power  capacity  (MW).   Functions  and  Maintenance  (Efficient  power  transmission,  grid  stability,  Converter  valve  checks,  filter inspections)   Digital monitoring of converter performance.  3. Substation Automation Basics:   Introduction,  Definition  and  Advantages  of  SCADA  substation   SCADA Architecture and Implementation   HMI  (Human  Machine  Interface),  OWS  (Operator  Work Station), EWS (Engineer Work Station)   Modern  Technologies  (Concept  of  Digital  Substation- | 13 | 28 % |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma Branch: Electrical Engineering Subject Code: DI04009011

## Subject Name: Substation Engineering

| GOOSE, MMS, Cyber security)  4. Future of Substations:   Introduction to Smart Grids   Green substation practices   |    |     |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|-----|
| Total                                                                                                                 | 45 | 100 |

## Suggested Specification Table with Marks (Theory):

## Distribution of Theory Marks (in %)

|   R Level |   U Level |   A Level | N Level   | E Level   | C Level   |
|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
|        25 |        25 |        50 | -         | -         | -         |

Where R: Remember; U: Understanding; A: Application, N: Analyze and E: Evaluate C: Create (as per Revised Bloom's Taxonomy)

## Suggested Course Practical List:

|   Sr.  No. | Title of Experiment                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |   Approximate  Hours |   CO |
|------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|------|
|          1 | Demonstrate  basic  substation  layout,  key  components  using  simulation / design software.                                                                                                                                                                                                           |                   04 |    1 |
|          2 | 1. Simulate the successive operations of auto-recloser and  sectionaliser operations during different recloser shots.  2. To simulate the isolation of faulty section and restoring  supply to the healthy sections remotely from the substation  control station using sectionalisers. (www.vlab.co.in) |                   04 |    2 |
|          3 | Control of GOS from workstation using Status table from  workstation & mmonitoring feeder parameter from workstation  (www.vlab.co.in)                                                                                                                                                                   |                   02 |    2 |
|          4 | Demonstrate & Explain fault scenario in feeder and transformer bus  in the substation using Virtual Lab Simulation. (www.vlab.co.in)                                                                                                                                                                     |                   02 |    3 |
|          5 | To demonstrate the load transfer from one Feeder to other during  Transformer Maintenance using virtual lab (www.vlab.co.in)                                                                                                                                                                             |                   02 |    3 |
|          6 | To demonstrate control of bus voltages through On-load Tap  Changer. (www.vlab.co.in)                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |                   02 |    3 |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma Branch: Electrical Engineering Subject Code: DI04009011

## Subject Name: Substation Engineering

|   7 | To perform breakdown test of transformer oil (Laboratory  performance or Virtual Lab Simulation)   |   02 |   2 |
|-----|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|-----|
|   8 | Design and fabrication of earthing system (Mesh / Pipe / Plate)                                    |   06 |   3 |
|   9 | A visit to a nearby electrical substation.                                                         |   06 |   3 |
|  10 | Demonstration of cut-sections of substation equipment.                                             |   02 |   2 |
|  11 | Safety protocol drills - use of PPE, lockout, tagout.                                              |   02 |   1 |
|  12 | Demonstrate basic PLC operation using PLC trainer or virtual lab.  (www.vlab.co.in)                |   02 |   4 |

Subject In-charge can add performance experiment only.

## References/Suggested Learning Resources:

## (a) Books:

1. 'Electrical Substation Engineering &amp; Practice EHV-AC, HVDC and SF6-GIS", Rao, Sunil S., Khanna Publishers, 2nd edition, ISBN-10: 8174091394
2. 'Electric Power Substations Engineering", McDonald, John D., CRC Press, 3rd edition, ISBN-10: 1439856389
3. 'Electrical Substation Practices (Elective - II)", Jadhav, Nitin S., Techknowledge Publications, 2024th edition, ISBN-10: B0CSJZB7FM
4. 'Sub-Station Engineering, Design, Concepts &amp; Computer Application", Gupta, B.R., S.K. Kataria &amp; Sons, 1st edition, ISBN-10: 9350148456
5. 'Electrical System Designing Made Simple, With CD", Saini, Giridhar, Viva Books, 1st edition, ISBN-10: 8130913438
6. 'Electric Power Substations Engineering", McDonald, John D., Taylor &amp; Francis, 3rd edition, ISBN-10: 1138076434
7. 'Substation Engineering and Automation", Dr. Muthuselvi, Dr. Shanmugasundaram, SKH Publishing House, latest edition, ISBN: 978-81-977917-2-7

## (b) Open-source software and website:

1. https://matpower.org (Open Source Software)
2. https://sourceforge.net/projects/electricdss (Open Source Software)
3. https://github.com/LLNL/GridDyn (Open Source Software)
4. https://www.gridlabd.org (Open Source Software)

Page 7 of 10

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma Branch: Electrical Engineering Subject Code: DI04009011

Subject Name: Substation Engineering

5. https://www.getcogujarat.com/getco\_newsite/index.php
6. https://cea.nic.in/
7. https://www.getcogujarat.com/getco\_newsite/index.php
8. https://grid-india.in/en/
9. https://www.electrical4u.com
10. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-061-introductionto-electric-power-systems-fall-2011
11. https://www.pdhonline.com/courses/e163/e163\_new.htm
12. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/electrical-engineering
13. https://phet.colorado.edu/
14. https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in
15. www.vlab.co.in

## List of Laboratory/Learning Resources Required:

1. Digital Multimeter - 600V, 10A, 20MΩ
2. Hand-Driven Megger Insulation Tester - 500V/1000V, 0-1000MΩ
3. Earth Resistance Tester - 0-10Ω, 1000V
4. Digital Capacitance Meter - 0.1pF-20mF
5. Low-Voltage Transformer Demonstration Model - 1kVA, single-phase, 220V
6. Basic Isolator Switch Model Kit - 220V, manual
7. Aluminum Busbar Sample Kit - 10m, 100A, 600V
8. Copper Rods and Wires for Earthing Mesh - 6mm², 10m, 4 rods (15mm dia, 30cm)
9. PPE Kit - Safety gloves (1000V), helmet, lockout-tagout set
10. Capacitor Bank Components - 5x 10µF, 400V
11. Sandbox/Tray for Earthing Simulation - 1x1m
12. Basic PLC Trainer Kit - 8 inputs/8 outputs, 24V DC or emulator

## Suggested Project List:

1. Simple SLD Drawing for 66 kV Substation
2. Description: Students work in groups to draw a single-line diagram (SLD) for a 66 kV substation, using a template to place switchyard and control room parts, and check safety features visually.
2. Model of Substation Types
4. Description: Build a small physical model (using cardboard/LEDs) to show differences between transmission and distribution substations, labeling voltage levels (e.g., HV, MV).
3. Safety Gear and Lockout Practice

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Program Name: Diploma Engineering Level: Diploma Branch: Electrical Engineering Subject Code: DI04009011

Subject Name: Substation Engineering

- Description: Students practice using PPE (gloves, helmets) and lockout-tagout on a mock circuit, acting as "safety inspectors" to spot errors in a setup.
4. Transformer Bushing and Cooling Check
- Description: Inspect a transformer model's bushings and cooling system (e.g., radiator), measuring insulation resistance (IR) with a simple tester in a "maintenance shift" scenario.
5. Isolator Locking and Testing Model
- Description: Build a small isolator model with pad-locking, test continuity, and check interlocking safety in groups, simulating a "maintenance prep" task.
6. Busbar Joint Inspection Setup
- Description: Assemble a simple aluminum busbar model, inspect joints for corrosion, and measure resistance, acting as "site technicians" to ensure power flow.
7. Earthing Mesh Build and Test
- Description: Design and build a small mesh earthing grid (1x1m) in a sandbox, measure resistance (&lt;1 ohm) with a tester, and compare with standards in a group "safety audit."
8. Capacitor Bank for Power Factor Fix
- Description: Assemble a small capacitor bank, measure capacitance, and simulate power

## Suggested Activities for Students:

1. SLD sketch Task
2. Sketch 66 kV/132 kV SLDs to identify components and ensure safety compliance using Tinker-cad Circuits /  card boards / wooden or acrylic panel.
2. Substation Type Sorting
4. Categorize transmission/distribution substations by voltage and function in a group quiz using Virtual Labs.
3. Safety Drill Simulation
6. Practice  PPE  and  lockout-tagout  on  a  circuit  model,  spotting  safety  errors  in  a  timed scenario.
4. Maintenance schedule chart of Transformer Accessories (Bushings, Radiators etc.)
5. Prepare charts on various tests on Transformer Oil
6. Equipment Inspection Game
10. Inspect  transformer  bushings  and  isolators  on  a  model,  listing  defects  per  IS/IEC standards.
7. Earthing Resistance Test
12. Measure  resistance  of  a  mesh  earthing  model  with  a  megger,  comparing  to  &lt;1  ohm standard.
8. Power Factor Correction Lab
14. Assemble  and  test  a  capacitor  bank,  simulating  voltage  regulation  with  MATLAB Online.

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Program Name: Diploma Engineering

Level: Diploma Branch: Electrical Engineering Subject Code: DI04009011

Subject Name: Substation Engineering

9. GIS Maintenance Check
2. Simulate SF6 gas leakage detection on a GIS model using ETAP student version.
10. HVDC Operation Demo
4. Test virtual HVDC converter efficiency with MATLAB Online, analyzing power flow.
11. SCADA Monitoring Setup
6. Configure  a  basic  SCADA  interface  for  substation  monitoring  using  LogixPro  in groups.
12. Smart Grid Poster
8. Create  a  visual  poster  on  smart  grid  and  cybersecurity  features  in  substations  with minimal text.

* * * * * * *