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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Engineering  (CAD/CAM)/

Mechatronics Engineering

Course / Subject Code: DI03000151

Course / Subject Name: Measurements and Metrology

| w. e. f. Academic Year:   | 2024-25   |
|---------------------------|-----------|
| Semester:                 | 3 rd      |
| Category of the Course:   | PCC       |

Prerequisite:

The Metrology and Measurement subject in diploma mechanical engineering requires a basic  understanding  of  mathematics,  physics,  and  engineering  concepts.  Students should  be  familiar  with  measurements,  and  error  analysis,  along  with  algebra  and trigonometry  for  dimensional  calculations.  Knowledge  of  engineering  drawing  is essential,  including  geometric  dimensioning  and  tolerancing  (GD&amp;T)  and  surface roughness symbols. A fundamental grasp of mechanical engineering concepts such as material properties, tolerances, and fits is necessary. Practical experience with measuring instruments like Vernier calipers and micrometers, gained through workshop practice, is beneficial. Understanding optical principles, force, and pressure measurement from physics helps in using precision instruments.

Rationale:

The  mechanical  engineering  students  primarily  focus  on  the  fabrication  of  diverse machine  components  in  workshops  according  to  specified  drawings.  Contemporary industrial processing and manufacturing procedures have grown intricate and convoluted,  rendering  their  supervision  just  by  visual  examination  very  challenging. Thus, reliable and exact measurements via precision measuring tools are essential for enterprises. This Measurements &amp; Metrology course offers practical experience, skills, and  self-assurance  to  students,  enabling  them  to  operate  precise  measuring  devices correctly for the benefit of industrial-sectors.

## Course Outcome:

After Completion of the Course, Student will be able to:

## Course Outcomes (COs) for Measurement and Metrology

| CO No.                                                                                                                                                                      | Course Outcome Statement   |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|
| Explain  the  principles  of  linear,  angular,  and  geometrical  measurements  and  apply  them  in  industrial quality control.                                          | CO1                        |
| Demonstrate  proficiency  in  using  measuring  instruments  such  as  Vernier  callipers,  micrometres, dial gauges, slip gauges, and sine bars for precision measurement. | CO2                        |
| Analyse the surface roughness, gear, and thread parameters using appropriate metrology tools  and techniques.                                                               | CO3                        |
| Evaluate the accuracy and precision of measurement systems, including transducers, sensors,  and temperature measurement devices, in various applications.                  | CO4                        |
| Apply Industry 4.0 technologies in metrology for precise, automated, and data-driven quality  control in manufacturing.                                                     | CO5                        |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Engineering  (CAD/CAM)/

Mechatronics Engineering

Course / Subject Code: DI03000151

Course / Subject Name: Measurements and Metrology

## Teaching and Examination Scheme:

| Teaching Scheme (in Hours)   | Teaching Scheme (in Hours)   | Teaching Scheme (in Hours)   | Total  Credits  L+T+ (PR/2)   | Assessment Pattern and Marks   | Assessment Pattern and Marks   | Assessment Pattern and Marks   | Assessment Pattern and Marks   | Total  Marks   |
|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------|----------------|
| L                            | T                            | PR                           | C                             | Theory                         | Theory                         | Tutorial / Practical           | Tutorial / Practical           | Total  Marks   |
| L                            | T                            | PR                           | C                             | ESE  (E)                       | PA (M)                         | PA (I)                         | ESE (V)                        | Total  Marks   |
| 3                            | 0                            | 2                            | 4                             | 70                             | 30                             | 20                             | 30                             | 150            |

## Course Content:

|   No.  Content | No.  Content                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |   No. of  Hours |   % of  Weightage |
|----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------------------|
|              1 | Introduction to Metrology    Definition, Need & Scope of Metrology   Precision & Accuracy, Sensitivity, Readability, and Calibration   Standards of Measurement (Line, End, Wavelength Standards)                                           |               4 |                10 |
|              2 | Linear and Angular Measurement    Vernier Calliper, Micrometre, Dial Gauge, Slip Gauges   Height Gauge, Depth Gauge, Combination Set   Sine Bar, Bevel Protractor, Angle Gauges, Autocollimator   Applications and Errors in Measurements  |               7 |                16 |
|              3 | Concept of Geometrical Tolerances    Concept of Tolerance, Types of Fits, and Allowances   Measurement of Straightness, Flatness, Roundness, and Squareness   Introduction to Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)                            |               6 |                14 |
|              4 | Measurement of Surface Roughness    Concept of Surface Finish, Surface Texture Terminology   Parameters of Surface Roughness (Ra, Rz, Rq)   Surface Roughness Measuring Instruments (Stylus Profilometer)                                   |               5 |                12 |
|              5 | Gear and Thread Measurement   Measurement of Spur Gear Parameters (Pitch, Module, Runout)   Gear Tooth Vernier and Base Tangent Method   Measurement of Thread Parameters (Pitch, Lead, Effective Diameter)   Two-Wire & Three-Wire Method |               5 |                12 |
|              6 | Limit Gauges    Limit System: GO and NO-GO Gauges   Types of Gauges: Plug, Ring, Snap, and Thread Gauges   Interchangeability and Selective Assembly   Gauge design                                                                        |               4 |                10 |
|              7 | Transducers and Sensors    Definition and Classification of Transducers                                                                                                                                                                       |               4 |                10 |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Engineering  (CAD/CAM)/

Mechatronics Engineering

Course / Subject Code: DI03000151

Course / Subject Name: Measurements and Metrology

|    |  Displacement, Pressure, Force, and Strain Measurement   Applications in Mechanical Systems                                                                                        |    |     |
|----|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----|-----|
| 8. | Temperature Measurement    Measurement of Temperature using Thermocouples, and Pyrometer   Infrared and Digital Temperature Sensors                                                |  3 |   7 |
| 9. | Quality Control & Industry 4.0 in Metrology   Introduction to Digital Measurement Techniques   Role of IoT in Quality Control  Automation in Metrology & Smart Inspection Systems |  4 |   9 |
|    | Total                                                                                                                                                                                | 42 | 100 |

## Suggested Specification Table with Marks (Theory):

| Unit  No.   | Unit Name                                    |   Teaching  Hours |   Marks | R   | U   | A   | N   | E   | C   |   Weight  % |
|-------------|----------------------------------------------|-------------------|---------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-------------|
| 1           | Introduction to Metrology                    |                 4 |       8 | 4   | 4   | -   | -   | -   | -   |          12 |
| 2           | Linear and Angular  Measurement              |                 7 |      10 | 4   | 3   | 3   | -   | -   | -   |          14 |
| 3           | Measurement of  Geometrical Tolerances       |                 6 |       8 | 3   | 3   | 2   | -   | -   | -   |          12 |
| 4           | Measurement of Surface  Roughness            |                 5 |       8 | 3   | 3   | 2   | -   | -   | -   |          12 |
| 5           | Gear and Thread  Measurement                 |                 5 |       8 | 2   | 4   | 2   | -   | -   | -   |          12 |
| 6           | Limit Gauges                                 |                 4 |       8 | 2   | 4   | 2   | -   | -   | -   |          12 |
| 7           | Transducers and Sensors                      |                 4 |       7 | -   | 2   | 3   | 2   | -   | -   |           9 |
| 8           | Temperature Measurement                      |                 3 |       7 | -   | 2   | 2   | 3   | -   | -   |           9 |
| 9           | Quality Control & Industry  4.0 in Metrology |                 4 |       6 | -   | -   | -   | 2   | 2   | 2   |           8 |
| Total       |                                              |                42 |      70 | 18  | 25  | 16  | 7   | 2   | 2   |         100 |

Where R: Remember; U: Understanding; A: Application, N: Analyze and E: Evaluate C: Create (as per Revised Bloom's Taxonomy)

Note: This specification table shall be treated as a general guideline for students and teachers. The actual distribution of marks in the question paper may vary slightly from above table.

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Engineering  (CAD/CAM)/

Mechatronics Engineering

Course / Subject Code: DI03000151

Course / Subject Name: Measurements and Metrology

## References/Suggested Learning Resources:

## (a) Books:

|   Sr.  No. | Author(s)                   | Book Title                                 | Publication               | Publication  Place & Year   | ISBN            |
|------------|-----------------------------|--------------------------------------------|---------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------|
|          1 | Kesarmal Saini              | Measurement &  Metrology (ME-4001)         | Neelkanth  Publishers     | India, 2023                 | 978- 9393570453 |
|          2 | A.K. Bewoor,  V.A. Kulkarni | Metrology and  Measurement                 | McGraw-Hill  Education    | India, 2009                 | 978- 0070140003 |
|          3 | S.P. Venkateshan            | Mechanical  Measurements                   | John Wiley &  Sons        | India, 2008                 | 978- 8120333508 |
|          4 | R.K. Jain                   | Engineering Metrology                      | Khanna  Publishers        | India, 2008                 | 978- 8174091539 |
|          5 | R.K. Rajput                 | Engineering Metrology  and Instrumentation | S.K. Kataria &  Sons      | India, 2009                 | 978- 8131805854 |
|          6 | I.C. Gupta                  | A Textbook of  Engineering Metrology       | Dhanpat Rai  Publications | India, 2011                 | 978- 8188458523 |

## (b) Open-source software and website:

## 1. Open-Source Software for Metrology &amp; Measurement

|   Sr.  No . | Software Name                            | Description                                                                                              | Download Link                         |
|-------------|------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|
|           1 | FreeCAD                                  | 3D  CAD  modelling  software  with  measurement  tools  for  engineering  applications.                  | https://www.freecad.org/              |
|           2 | OpenSCAD                                 | A parametric 3D modelling software useful  for precision measurements.                                   | https://www.openscad.org/             |
|           3 | Gwyddion                                 | Open-source  software  for  surface  metrology,  mainly  for  scanning  probe  microscopy data analysis. | http://gwyddion.net/                  |
|           4 | ImageJ                                   | Open-source image processing software for  dimensional measurement from images.                          | https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/            |
|           5 | FEMM (Finite  Element Method  Magnetics) | Useful  for  mechanical  and  metrology  applications in finite element analysis.                        | http://www.femm.info/wiki/Hom ePage   |
|           6 | GNU Octave                               | Open-source  alternative  to  MATLAB,  useful  for  metrology  calculations  and  analysis.              | https://www.gnu.org/software/oc tave/ |
|           7 | Python (SciPy,                           | Used  for  data  analysis,  statistical                                                                  | https://www.python.org/               |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Engineering  (CAD/CAM)/ Mechatronics Engineering Course / Subject Code: DI03000151

Course / Subject Name: Measurements and Metrology

NumPy,

Matplotlib)

calculations,

and

metrology-related

computations.

## 2. Educational Websites &amp; Online Resources

|   Sr.  No. | Website Name                                                 | Description                                                                                         | Link                                            |
|------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
|          1 | NPTEL (National  Programme on Technology  Enhanced Learning) | Free  online  courses  on  metrology  and  measurement  and  Industry  4.0  by IIT professors.      | https://nptel.ac.in/  https://shorturl.at/NySB6 |
|          2 | MIT Open Courseware  (OCW)                                   | Engineering  measurement  and  metrology resources from MIT.                                        | https://ocw.mit.edu/                            |
|          3 | Khan Academy                                                 | Free  educational  videos  related  to  measurement  concepts  and  engineering applications.       | https://www.khanacademy.org/                    |
|          4 | Coursera                                                     | Free  and  paid  courses  on  metrology,  measurement,  and  engineering topics.                    | https://www.coursera.org/                       |
|          5 | EdX                                                          | Online  courses  on  measurement  techniques from global universities.                              | https://www.edx.org/                            |
|          6 | Metrology.net                                                | Online  resources  and  latest  advancements  in  industrial  metrology.                            | https://www.metrology.net/                      |
|          7 | CMM Quarterly                                                | Online  magazine  focused  on  coordinate  measuring  machines  (CMM)  and  precision  measurement. | http://www.cmmquarterly.com/                    |

## Suggested Course Practical List:

## List of Practical for Metrology &amp; Measurement

|   Sr.  No. | Title of Experiment                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |   Time  Required  (Hours) |
|------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|
|          1 | Preparatory Activity:  S.I.  basic,  supplementary  and  derived  units  and  their  conversions.  Convert  given  length, area and volume from one unit to another. (From mm to cm and m, from  mm to inch, from m to yard and foot, from 2 mm to 2 inch and vice- versa, 3 mm to  3 inch and vice-versa, etc.).  Convert given degree to radian and vice-versa.  Various drafting, surface finish and geometrical symbols. |                         2 |
|          2 | Measurement using Vernier Calliper & Micrometre                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |                         4 |
|          3 | Measurement using Dial Gauge & Slip Gauges                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                         4 |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Engineering  (CAD/CAM)/

Mechatronics Engineering

Course / Subject Code: DI03000151

Course / Subject Name: Measurements and Metrology

| 4.    | Angle Measurement using Bevel Protractor and Sine Bar              |   2 |
|-------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|
| 5.    | Measurement of Straightness and Flatness using Dial Indicator      |   2 |
| 6.    | Roundness Measurement using V block and dial indicator.            |   2 |
| 7.    | Measurement of Surface Roughness using Stylus Profilometer.        |   2 |
| 8.    | Measurement of Gear Tooth Parameters using Gear Tooth Vernier.     |   2 |
| 9.    | Measurement of Thread Parameters using Two-Wire/Three-Wire Method. |   2 |
| 10.   | Study and Use of GO and NO-GO Gauges.                              |   2 |
| 11.   | Study of Strain Gauge for Force Measurement.                       |   2 |
| 12.   | Study of temperature measuring device.                             |   2 |
| TOTAL | TOTAL                                                              |  28 |

## Virtual Labs for Measurement &amp; Metrology

-  https://www.olabs.edu.in/?sub=1&amp;brch=5&amp;sim=16&amp;cnt=4  (OLABS-Vernier  Caliper).
-  http://www.amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=1&amp;brch=5&amp;sim=16&amp;cnt=4 (Vernier Caliper).
-  https://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=1&amp;brch=5&amp;sim=156&amp;cnt=4  (Micrometer).
-  https://kcgcollege.ac.in/Virtual-Lab/Mechanical/Exp-2/index.html (measurement of Major, Minor and Effective diameter of external screw thread using Floating Carriage micrometer).
-  https://www.vlab.co.in/
-  http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/metro/loe.html

## List of Laboratory/Learning Resources Required:

|   Sr. No. | Name of Equipment / Resource                       | Purpose / Application                                       |
|-----------|----------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
|         1 | Vernier Calliper (Digital & Analog)                | Measuring linear dimensions with high accuracy              |
|         2 | Micrometre (Inside & Outside)                      | Measuring  small  linear  dimensions  with  high  precision |
|         3 | Dial Gauge with Magnetic Stand                     | Measuring  small  displacements,  flatness,  and  alignment |
|         4 | Slip Gauge Set                                     | Calibration and precision measurement                       |
|         5 | Bevel Protractor                                   | Measuring angles with high precision                        |
|         6 | Sine Bar                                           | Measuring angles using slip gauges                          |
|         7 | Surface Plate (Granite or Cast Iron)               | Providing a reference surface for measurement               |
|         8 | Surface  Roughness  Tester  (Stylus  Profilometer) | Measuring surface texture and roughness                     |
|         9 | Gear Tooth Vernier Calliper                        | Measuring gear tooth thickness and module                   |
|        10 | Thread  Micrometre  &  Screw  Pitch  Gauge         | Measuring pitch diameter and lead angle of threads          |
|        11 | GO  &  NO-GO  Gauges  (Plug,  Ring,  Snap)         | Checking tolerances of manufactured components              |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Engineering  (CAD/CAM)/ Mechatronics Engineering Course / Subject Code: DI03000151

Course / Subject Name: Measurements and Metrology

## Suggested Project List:

|   Sr.  No. | Project Title                                              | Project Description                                                                                        | Expected Outcome                                         |
|------------|------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
|          1 | Digital  Vernier  Calliper  with  Bluetooth  Data  Logging | Design a Vernier calliper  that  transmits  measurement  data  via  Bluetooth  to  a  computer/mobile app. | Wireless  data  collection  for quality control.         |
|          2 | Automated  Gear  Tooth  Inspection System                  | Develop  a  system  using  image  processing  to  measure  gear  parameters  automatically.                | Faster  and  more  accurate  gear measurement.           |
|          3 | Surface  Roughness  Analyzer using Arduino                 | Create  a  low-cost  stylus-based  roughness  measuring  device  using  Arduino and sensors.               | Affordable  roughness  measurement solution.             |
|          4 | Smart  Temperature  Monitoring System                      | Use  thermocouples,  RTDs,  and  IoT  for  real-time  temperature  monitoring  in  industrial setups.      | Improved  temperature  control and monitoring.           |
|          5 | LVDT-Based  Displacement  Measurement System               | Design  a  working  model  of  LVDT  for  measuring  minute  displacement  variations.                     | Understanding  of  displacement  measurement principles. |
|          6 | 3D  Scanning  for  Measurement  and  Reverse Engineering   | Utilize  3D  scanning  technology  to  capture  dimensions  of  objects  for  analysis.                    | Hands-on experience with  precision  measurement  tools. |
|          7 | GO/NO-GO  Gauge  Design  for  a  Specific  Component       | Develop  a  set  of  limit  gauges  for  a  machined part as per industry standards.                       | Practical  understanding  of  tolerance checking.        |
|          8 | Smart  Thread  Pitch  Measurement Tool                     | Build a digital thread pitch measurement  system using image processing.                                   | Accurate  and  automated  thread inspection.             |
|          9 | Real-Time  Strain  Monitoring  using  Strain  Gauges       | Implement  strain  gauges  on  a  structure  and  monitor  strain  variations  in  real  time.             | Understanding of material  deformation under load.       |
|         10 | Automated  Angle  Measurement System                       | Create  a  digital  angle  measurement  device using sensors and Arduino.                                  | Accurate  angle  measurement  with  digital  output.     |
|         11 | Quality  Inspection  Conveyor with Sensors                 | Develop  a  small  working  model  of  a  conveyor  belt  with  sensors  to  check  object dimensions.     | Hands-on  learning  in  industrial quality control.      |
|         12 | Smart  Digital  Dial                                       | Modify  a  dial  indicator  to  store  and                                                                 | Improved  data  tracking                                 |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Engineering  (CAD/CAM)/

Mechatronics Engineering

Course / Subject Code: DI03000151

## Course / Subject Name: Measurements and Metrology

|    | Indicator  with  Data  Storage                            | analyse measurements digitally.                                                     | and analysis.                                               |
|----|-----------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| 13 | Contactless  Temperature  Measurement  using  IR  Sensors | Design  a  non-contact  temperature  measurement  system  using  infrared  sensors. | Application  of  IR  sensors  in  temperature  measurement. |

## Suggested Activities for Students:

|   Sr.  No. | Activity Title                                             | Activity Description                                                                                      | Expected Outcome                                                            |
|------------|------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|          1 | Industrial  Visit  to  a  Metrology Lab                    | Visit an industry or quality control lab to  observe  real-world  measurement  applications.              | Exposure  to  industrial  metrology  tools  and  techniques.                |
|          2 | Hands-on  Calibration  of  Measuring Instruments           | Students  calibrate  Vernier  calipers,  micrometers,  and  dial  gauges  using  standard gauges.         | Understanding  the  importance  of  calibration  in  precision measurement. |
|          3 | Case  Study  on  Quality  Control in Manufacturing         | Analyze  a  real-world  case  of  a  manufacturing  defect  due  to  improper  measurement.               | Learning  about  the  role  of  metrology  in  quality  assurance.          |
|          4 | Debate: Manual vs. Digital  Measuring Instruments          | Conduct a debate on the pros and  cons  of manual vs. digital measuring devices.                          | Critical  thinking  and  understanding  technological  advancements.        |
|          5 | Demonstration  of  3D  Scanning  and  Reverse  Engineering | Explore  how  3D  scanners  are  used  for  dimensional measurement and design.                           | Awareness  of  modern  measurement  techniques  in  engineering.            |
|          6 | Group  Activity:  Tolerance  and Fit Analysis              | Students  measure  various  components  and classify fits (interference, clearance,  transition).         | Practical  knowledge  of  engineering  fits  and  tolerances.               |
|          7 | DIY  Surface  Roughness  Comparison                        | Compare  different  surface  finishes  by  touch  and  use  a  roughness  tester  to  verify perceptions. | Improved  understanding  of  surface  roughness  measurement.               |
|          8 | Measurement  Error  Analysis Experiment                    | Perform  repeated  measurements  and  analyze  errors  (systematic/random)  using statistical tools.      | Learning  about  accuracy,  precision,  and  error  minimization.           |
|          9 | Role  Play:  Quality  Inspector  in  a  Manufacturing Unit | Students  take  turns  acting  as  quality  inspectors, identifying defects in sample  parts.             | Hands-on  experience  with  quality  control  and  defect  detection.       |
|         10 | Poster  Presentation  on  Non-Destructive  Testing  (NDT)  | Create  and  present  posters  on  different  NDT  methods  like  ultrasonic,  eddy  current, and LPT.    | Deep understanding of NDT  techniques and applications.                     |

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## GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

## Program Name: Engineering Level: Diploma

Branch: Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Engineering  (CAD/CAM)/

Mechatronics Engineering

Course / Subject Code: DI03000151

## Course / Subject Name: Measurements and Metrology

|   11 | Workshop  on  Latest  Metrology  Trends  (CMM,  Laser Scanning)   | Attend  a  seminar  on  advanced  metrology  technologies  like  Coordinate  Measuring Machines (CMM).   | Awareness  of  modern  metrology and automation in  measurement.       |
|------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|   12 | Quiz  Competition  on  Measurement & Metrology                    | Conduct  a  quiz  covering  fundamental  metrology  concepts  and  industrial  applications.             | Reinforcement of theoretical  concepts  in  a  fun  and  engaging way. |
|   13 | Virtual  Lab  Simulation  on  Precision Measurement               | Use  online  simulation  tools  to  practice  measurement techniques virtually.                          | Hands-on  virtual  experience  in  metrology  without  physical tools. |

********